用信息取代规制：寻找塑造城市设计的另一种方式

本文的写作目的既不是为了展示研究成果，也不是为了批评（或表扬）规制（regulation）。我的目的是提出两个问题．有没有替代规制的可行方法？如果有，我们能在哪里找到模型7我建议通过关注一个领域来完成这个任务。     

Oriented polymer grid reinforcement

Tensar high strength oriented polymer grids were developed in the UK in the late 1970s. Extensive research has been conducted in Europe and North America to investigate the various civil engineering applications for these materials. The availability of these high strength, durable reinforcing grids has led to many innovative and economical developments in geotechnical and highway engineering. This paper describes the major application areas: reinforced soil walls and slopes, reinstatement of slope failures; embankment foundations over soft soil; reinforcement of road bases for paved roads; and asphalt reinforcement.     

The fate and transport of mercury, methylmercury, and other trace metals in Chesapeake Bay tributaries

Six tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay were analyzed for suspended particulate matter, dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, mercury, methylmercury, lead, nickel, zinc, cadmium, chromium, and copper. This study examined the importance of flow regime, suspended particulate concentration, and watershed characteristics on the transport of mercury, methylmercury, and other trace metals. Total mercury concentrations were higher under high flow conditions which is consistent with the tendency of this metal to bind strongly to particulate matter. Methylmercury showed less flow rate dependence. Nickel, lead, and zinc concentrations responded strongly to flow rate on the Potomac River, while weaker correlations were found on the other rivers sampled. Cadmium, copper, and chromium concentrations were the least influenced by flow. Partition coefficients calculated in this study were similar to those of other estuaries and overall decreased in the order of Hg > Ni-MMHg > Cr-Pb-Zn > Cd > Cu. Watershed yield estimates and associated retention factors were calculated for the various rivers. These calculations showed that for most of the rivers, mercury was the most strongly retained within the watershed.     

Reliability of corrosion-damaged steel structures using interval probability theory

Engineering decisions concerning the performance of existing structures must be made in the presence of uncertainties. The remaining capacity of corroded steel structures provides a good example of different aspects of uncertainty. These include: an unknown or partially known extent of damage; a variability in loading and an uncertain reserve of structural capacity depending on the mode of failure. The theory of structural reliability has been developed to provide a method of analysis for structural safety. In this paper, methods are proposed to compute the component reliability of corrosion-damaged steel members. The application of a recently developed theory called interval probability theory for system reliability is illustrated using the data obtained from actual samples of corroded beams.     

Mutagenic activity in the rivers Rhine and Meuse in The Netherlands

Several water samples of the rivers Rhine and Meuse have been tested for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay and a fluctuation assay. Samples were taken at places where the rivers enter The Netherlands and at several downstream locations relevant to drinking water supplies. For the Rhine this included samples of each of the river-branches Waal, Lek and IJssel. Before testing, all water samples were concentrated by adsorption on XAD-resins and subsequent elution with dimethylsulfoxide.The results obtained clearly show that all water samples derived from the river Rhine and its branches contain mutagenic activity. Positive Ames test results showing dose—response relations were observed primarily with strain TA 98 after metabolic activation (rat liver microsomal enzymes). In contrast to this, little or no mutagenic activity was detected in samples from the river Meuse. This indicated that, with the methods used, the overall mutagenic activity of the river Meuse was at least 10 times below that of the river Rhine. In the fluctuation assay, using the same bacterial strains, the river water concentrates could not be tested as such. However, after appropriate dilution of the dimethylsulfoxide with distilled water, this assay proved to be about 10–15 times more sensitive than the Ames test. The significance of these results with respect to human health is briefly discussed.     

Gravity driven counterflow through an open door in a sealed room

Flow measurements using tracer gas techniques were made on the exterior doorway of a test house for indoor-outdoor temperature differences of 0.5–45 K. The time for door opening and closing was constant at 3.75 s, and fully open hold time varied from 0.5 s to 120 s. Predictions of a variable density steady flow model were in good agreement with the measurements when adjustments were made for the time-varying size of the opening and for the effect of cross-stream mixing between the incoming and outgoing air streams. The flow rate is shown to be governed by an effective density very close to the average of inflow and outflow densities, and the control condition at the doorway is fixed by the jet-like behavior of the inflow stream. Dependence of cross-stream mixing on interfacial stability caused the orifice and coefficient to increase from 0.4 to 0.6 as temperature difference increased. This varying orifice coefficient is well represented by the combination of a discharge coefficient for streamline contraction combined with a mixing coefficient which accounts for mixing between the inflow and outflow.     

Interregional allocation of resources: The case of indonesia

This paper presents a simultaneous model of central-regional transfers based on a combined supply and demand-side framework. The model is designed specifically to evaluate the impacts of selected allocation criteria associated with such government transfers. As an application, the model is used for evaluating the allocation criteria for INPRES, which is one of the most important central-regional transfers in Indonesia. Results of the simulation indicate that regional capital growth is significantly affected by the transfers. It is also revealed that, despite the fact that the system of allocation used in the early 1980s is classified nonoptimal when viewed in terms of interregional equity, it still yields better outcomes than the currently adopted equi-size principle. The existence of a trade-off between maximizing growth of total GRDP and reducing interregional disparity is also revealed by the model simulation.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 11th Pacific Conference, Singapore, July 1989.     

Landfill Lining for Leachate Containment

There is an increasing need for engineered liners to prevent the escape of leachate and to control the migration of landfill gas. This has been influenced by new European and UK legislation and codes of practice.
General principles of site design are explained, followed by a review of the advantages and disadvantages of different liner systems, including mineral liners (natural clay, mudrocks and soil/bentonite admixtures), geomembranes and composite liners.
The need for conservative factors of safety in site design and high standards of quality control, involving full-time supervision and independent certification of the installation works, are considered essential to ensure the effectiveness of the barrier.
There is no one ideal liner material. Composite mineral/geomembrane liners provide the highest degree of security against leakage and, as such, should be considered as 'the norm'rather than for use only in particularly high-risk situations.     

The uptake of plutonium-238, 239, 240, americium-241, strontium-90 and caesium-137 into potatoes

Transfer factors have been measured for ²³⁹Pu + ²⁴⁰Pu, ²⁴¹Am, ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs into potatoes grown in a blend of soil which included silt polluted with radioactive waste discharged into the Irish Sea. The experiment has been carried out over four seasons and attempts to assess the radiological consequences to the consumer which would arise if potatoes were to be grown in land heavily contaminated with the silt. During the course of the experiment plutonium and americium became less available for uptake, ⁹⁰Sr became slightly more available and ¹³⁷Cs remained nearly constant in its availability. The values of the transfer factors are among the lowest reported for these radionuclides into potatoes.